Web Foundations

Protocols, security, accessibility, and core browser APIs that underpin the web.

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Networking & Protocols

Web Foundations · 1 article

HTTP, TLS, DNS, and protocol negotiation for the modern web.

Browser APIs

Web Foundations · 1 article

Core browser APIs for DOM, storage, networking, and workers.

Accessibility Standards

Web Foundations · 2 articles

WCAG guidance, testing, and inclusive design patterns.
All Articles (4 articles)

  • DNS Records, TTL Strategy, and Cache Behavior

    Web Foundations / Networking & Protocols 16 min read

    DNS records encode more than addresses—they define routing policies, ownership verification, security constraints, and service discovery. TTL (Time To Live) values control how long resolvers cache these records, creating a fundamental trade-off between propagation speed and query load. This article covers record types in depth, TTL design decisions for different operational scenarios, and the caching behaviors that determine how quickly DNS changes take effect.

  • Web Workers and Worklets for Off-Main-Thread Work

    Web Foundations / Browser APIs 15 min read

    Concurrency primitives for keeping the main thread responsive. Workers provide general-purpose parallelism via message passing; worklets integrate directly into the browser’s rendering pipeline for synchronized paint, animation, and audio processing.

  • Accessibility Testing and Tooling Workflow

    Web Foundations / Accessibility Standards 14 min read

    A practical workflow for automated and manual accessibility testing, covering tool selection, CI/CD integration, and testing strategies. Automated testing catches approximately 57% of accessibility issues (Deque, 2021)—the remaining 43% requires keyboard navigation testing, screen reader verification, and subjective judgment about content quality. This guide covers how to build a testing strategy that maximizes automated coverage while establishing the manual testing practices that no tool can replace.

  • WCAG 2.2: Practical Accessibility Guide

    Web Foundations / Accessibility Standards 16 min read

    Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2 became a W3C Recommendation in October 2023, adding 9 new success criteria focused on cognitive accessibility, mobile interaction, and focus visibility. This guide covers implementation strategies for semantic HTML, ARIA patterns, and testing methodologies—practical knowledge for building inclusive web experiences that meet legal requirements in the US (ADA) and EU (European Accessibility Act).